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名词性从句相当于名词,分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。例如:
How a telephone works is q question which not everyone can answer.
电话是如何工作的,这个问题并非人人都能回答。(主语从句)
He asked how many of us were going to take part in the English contest.
他问我们有多少人要去参加这次英语竞赛。(宾语从句)
The truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people.
其实,人人都应该关心残疾人。(表语从句)
They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.
他们通常还要为如何演奏他们的音乐写出精确的说明。(同位语从句)
一 . 引导这类从句的三种连词的用法
1. 以连词 that 引导。 that 在从句中无任何意义,也无语法作用,只起引导从句的作用,在宾语从句中常可省略。例如:
I know ( that ) he left. 我知道他离开了。(宾语从句)
2. 以连词 whether 引导。 whether 在意义上作“是否”讲时,无语法作用,同样也只起引导从句的作用。在宾语从句和位于句尾的主语从句中可用 if 代替,而在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用 whether 。例如:
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.
( =It won't make too much difference whether/ if he will join us. )
他是否加入我们不会造成太大影响。(主语从句)
The question is whether he will join us.
问题是他是否加入我们。(表语从句)
I don't know whether/ if he will join us.
我不知道他是否加入我们。(宾语从句)
I have a question whether he will join us.
我有一个问题,这就是他是否加入我们。(同位语从句)
3. 以连接代词或连接副词引导。常用的有 who , whom , whose , what , which , when , where , why , how 等。例如:
Who left is unknown. 谁离开了不得而知。(主语从句)
I know how he left. 我知道他是如何离开的。(宾语从句)
My question is who left. 我的问题是谁离开了。(表语从句)
I have no idea who left. 我不知道谁离开了。(同位语从句)
二 . 值得注意的问题
1. 主语从句常用先行词 it 作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。例如:
It is necessary that we should recite as many poems as possible.
我们有必要尽量多背一些诗歌。
主语从句用 it 作形式主语的句子不少,许多已有固定的说法和译法。常见的有:
( 1 ) It is a fact that 事实是
It is clear that 很清楚
It is obvious that 很明显
( 2 ) It is better/ amazing (惊奇的) /essential (必要的;最重要的)… that 。在这些形容词后用 should 以代替现在时或过去时,有时 should 在 be 前可省略。例如:
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
= It is essential that he be prepared for this.
有必要让他对此有所准备。
( 3 ) It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It is well-known that 众所周知
It seems that 似乎
It happened that 碰巧
It follows that 由此可见
2. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则也用 it 作形式宾语,而把宾语从句放在补语后面。例如:
They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
他们要向公众表明他们的工作是重要且必不可少的。
3. what 可引导名词性从句,不引导定语从句。 what 有两种意思,一是作“什么”讲,二是作“……的”讲,相当于 the thing which/that 。例如:
I don't know what he wants. 我不知道他要什么。
What he said is of great importance. 他所说的非常重要。
4. 从句要用陈述语序。例如:
误: I wonder why have they put off the meeting.
正: I wonder why they have put off the meeting.
5. 用 whoever, whatever 或 whichever 引导的主语从句一般不后置,也不用形式主语 it 。例如:
Whoever wants to go there must sign up here.
无论谁想去那儿都要到这里签名。
Whatever you say will interest us all. 你无论说什么都会使我们大家很感兴趣。
6. that 除引导名词性从句外,还可引导定语从句。这里 that 指代先行词,有一定的语义。例如:
That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is well known.
众所周知, 2008 年奥运会要在北京举行。(主语从句)
The book that he is looking for is just under his desk.
他正在找的书就在桌子底下。(定语从句, that 在定语从句中作 look for 的宾语)
7. 下列情况中的主语从句不可位于句首,必须用 it 作形式主语。例如:
误: Whether he likes it or not doesn't matter.
正: It doesn't matter whether …
误: That Li Ming has gone abroad is said.
正: It is said that Li Ming has gone abroad.
误: That the manager was very angry seemed.
正: It seemed that the manager was very angry.
8. it 作形式主语与 it 引导强调句型的区别。如果把“ it is/ was … that/ who …”去掉,剩余的部分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,则是强调句,否则是主语从句。例如:
It was in 1999 that he graduated from the university. (强调句)
可改为: He graduated from the university in 1999.
It is a shame that she didn't pass the exam. (主语从句)
9. that 引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别。能跟同位语从句的通常是抽象名词。常见的有 belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , information , news , possibility , thought 等。同位语从句说明这些名词的具体内容。 that 起连词作用,不作任何句子成分,但不能省略。而 that 引导定语从句时除了起连词作用外,还在句中作句子成分(主语或宾语),作宾语可以省略。例如:
The news that our team has won the game is exciting.
我们队赢了这场比赛的消息很令人激动。(同位语从句)
The news ( that ) he told us is exciting.
他告诉我们的消息很令人激动。(定语从句)
10. 有些词如 hate , see to , take 等后习惯上跟一个形式宾语 it ,再接宾语从句。例如:
Please see to it that these letters are sent to the post.
请注意把这些信寄出去。
I take it that he approves. 我想他是同意的。
11. 引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。例如:
The reason was ( that ) he was afraid. 理由是他害怕了。
12. 当主语是 the reason 时,表语从句要用 that 引导,而不用 because ,这一点不能受汉语干扰。例如:
The reason why he was dismissed is because he was careless. (应把 because 改为 that )
13. what 指无限定范围的选择, which 指有限定范围的选择。例如:
That is what he chose. 这就是他选的。
Which team has won the game is not known yet.
哪个队赢了还不知道。
14. 表示“不论谁”的意思时,应用 whoever ,而不用 who 。例如:
误: Who has helped to save the girl is worth praising.
正: Whoever has helped …
正: Any one who has helped …
15. 介词后的宾语从句多以 what 和 whether 引导,不接 that 从句。只有 but , except , in 后习惯上用 that 引导, it 作先行词的宾语从句则可以作介词后的宾语。例如:
He was sorry for what he had done.
他对自己所做的感到遗憾。
The Swede stood there still except that his lips moved slightly.
那位瑞典人站在那儿一动不动,除了嘴唇在微微颤抖。
You may depend on it that we will support you.
你放心,我们会支持你的。 |
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