浅谈医学翻译

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译 一

Unit 1 Introduction

I. Definition of Translation　（翻译的定义）

American Eugene Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
美国翻译理论家尤金?奈达：翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语再现原语的信息——首先是就意义而言，其次是就风格而言。

Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

II.   Principles of Translation　（翻译的标准）

?   Faithfulness　忠实
?   Smoothness　通顺

1) The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease.
原：病人的主述没有回答此病的适当表现。
改：病人的主述不符合此病应有的表现。

2)   A woman with child came to see her doctor.

3)   Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
原：健康高于财富，因为这个不能象那个给人们很多幸福。
改：健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能象健康那样给人们带来幸福。

III. The Factors that Affect the Quality of Translation　（决定翻译质量的因素）

1.   Language
2.   General knowledge
3.   Working attitude

The name of the game is controlling the population.
游戏的名称是控制人口。
问题的关键是控制人口。

IV.   Process of Translation　（翻译的过程）

1.   Thorough comprehension
2.   Accurate and proper expression
3.   Sentence reconstruction

1)Not having children after getting married is not yet widely acceptable in a family-oriented society.



2)It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.

3)During one four-year period about 600 years ago, the Black Death killed at least 25 million people in Europe.
原译：大约600年前黑死病在四年中至少使2500万欧洲人死亡。
改译：在大约600年前一次为期四年的流行期中，黑死病至少使2500万欧洲人丧生。

V. Differences between English and Chinese　（英汉语言现象对比）

从形态学的角度来看，汉语是分析型语言（analytic），英语是综合型语言（synthetic）。分析型语言：语言中的语法关系不是通过词本身的形态表达，而是通过词汇、词序、句法等手段表达。综合型语言：通过词本身的形态变化表达语法意义。英语词形态变化相对丰富，用于标示语法范畴，表达语法意义，并集中体现在动词的形态变化上，形成以动词形态变化为主轴的句法模式，意义紧紧与句法形态相结合。

?   语序
汉语的语序比较固定，一般按事件与行为发生的先后顺序排列，它反映了中国人逻辑思维的过程及事件发展的客观规律。如：

1)   他起身拿了雨伞就走了。
2)   没有票怎么去看电影呢？
3)   我吃了午饭就去给你买药。

英语语序比较灵活，不一定按这一顺序排列：

1)   He stood up, took the umbrella and went away.
2)   How can we go and see the film without tickets?
3)   I'll go to buy medicine for you after lunch.

?   名词的数
two cultures taken as a whole 将两种文化视为一体
two cultures taken as wholes 将两种文化各自视为一体

?   动词的时态
They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.
他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没什么感情可言了。

?   动词的语态
In every game, they were bested by the visitors.
每场比赛他们都败在客队的手下。

?   句子的语气
我想借你的词典用一下。
I want use your dictionary.
I wander if I can use your dictionary.

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译 2

1.   英语重结构（形合），汉语重语意（意合）

意合（parataxis）与形合（hypotaxis）是语言组织法，是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径，意合指词语或语句间的连接主要凭借语意和语句间的逻辑关系来实现，而形合则是指词语和语句间的连接主要依仗连接词或语言形态手段来实现，也就是说要严格按语法规则组句。汉语属语意型语言，英语属语法型语言。汉语词与词、句与句的关系是隐含的（convertness），让对话人意会，如：“汗流浃背”（先汗流后浃背），“玩物丧志”（玩物是因，丧志是果），“不进则退”（不进是条件，则退是结果）。



?   出了院门，四顾一看，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹，自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转过去，已闻得一股寒香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有数株红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好不有趣。《红楼梦》

Don't come in until I call you.

不叫你不要进来。

1)It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.
酒不醉人人自醉。

2)The train hadn't yet fully stopped before Jones was off and running along the side looking underneath for his son.
列车还没有完全停下来，琼斯就跳下去，沿着列车狂奔， 在列车下面寻找儿子。

3)Turn right after passing the Post Office.

2.英语多静态（stative），汉语多动态（dynamic）

英语是综合型语言，它的一个显著特征是词缀丰富。这使得有些动词和形容词很容易派生为名词，从而使名词化现象非常常见（nominalization）。英译汉时，适当多考虑用动词，以静转动，反之亦然。

?   名词代替动词

1)医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
a. The doctor arrived quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
b. The doctor's quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

2)Rockets have been found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

3)He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。

?   介词代替动词
1)The smell of wild flowers came to us on the light breeze that was blowing.
野花的芬芳乘着清风扑面而来。



2)He has someone behind him.
有人给他撑腰。
形容词表示动词意义

1)I am doubtful whether he is still alive.
我怀疑他是否还活着。



2)They were news-hungry.
他们迫切地想得到消息。

by train 乘火车

in the rain 淋着雨

through the ages 古往今来

against the proposal 反对这项提议

3.英语多长句，汉语多短句

汉语句子意连形不连，句子之间的意义关系隐含其中，即使是长句，脉络与气韵能够感受但标记不明显；英语句子以形连表意连，表关系的关联词语如关系代词、关系副词都起着重要的纽带作用，主从关系、并列关系、因果关系、让步、条件等关系十分明确。汉语句子：一窝竹子，散落；英语句子：一棵大树，有主干（主句）、分枝（从句）、细枝（短语），支撑及依附关系一览无余。



1)In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
比较：门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。



2)Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
译文：我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
比较：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？



3)This hope of "early discovery" of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.
人们希望“早期发现”肺癌，随之进行外科手术治疗。外科手术治疗目前看来是最有效的方法。可是，由于肺癌生长速度和生长方向等生物特征差异很大，早期发现的希望常常化为泡影。



4.英语后开放，汉语前开放



This is the cat.
This is the cat that killed the rat.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.
This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.
This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦牙。那屋子是杰克盖的。



好！
她唱得好。
我听她唱得好。
开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。
那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。
我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。



5.英语多被动，汉语多主动



英汉语言心理对比：



主体意识与客体意识的对立是英汉语语言对比的又一大特点。汉语言心理中源远流长的主体思维方式，在表现中总是隐隐约约地反映了“万物皆备于我”的意思过程。因此，汉语常使用人称主语，而英语常使用非人称主语（impersonal subject）。汉语注重主体性叙述。英语兼顾主体性与客体性描述，倾向于客体性描述。因此， 汉语多用主动，英语多被动。



1)   It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes of the scientists, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. (1993)
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。



2)   Great advances have been made in surgery, especially in this century, and operations are now performed that had not even imagined fifty years ago.
外科已取得巨大进展，特别是在本世纪，现在已能做50年前甚至想都想不到的手术。



6.英语多代词，汉语多名词



1)   There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标，监测器就会使其停驶。


2)   He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译3

英语重结构（语法型），汉语重语义（语义型）



1.   A high mountain stands in the east and a large river flows in the west.
东边有高山，西边有大河。



2.   He is so arrogant that no one will keep company with him.
他很狂妄自大，谁也不愿意与他交往。



3.   Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for morning’s work. ”
19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉?比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本中说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见现在很少有人领教了。



?   英语多静态（stative），汉语多动态（dynamic）



4.   You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.
你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。



5.   He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.
他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。



6.   He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.
他统治那个地区长达20年之久。



7.   He is indiscriminate in reading.
他读书时不加选择。



8.   Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.
林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。



?   英语后开放，汉语前开放



9.   Essential hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.
原因不明的高血压称为原发性高血压。



?   英语多被动，汉语多主动



10.   The old lady had been stricken with a heart attack earlier in the morning.



11.   Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。



?   英语多长句，汉语多短句



12.   Medicine, like all branches of science, needs scholars who are able to develop appropriate “rules of evidence” and then apply those rules to the continuously flowering stream of new data to determine what is relevant.
医学像所有其他科学分支一样也需要能够发展“实证规则”并能将规则运用到不断流动的新信息流中以便决定哪些与自己学科相关的这类学者。
像所有的科学分支一样，医学需要这样的学者，他们即能开发适当的“实证规则”，又能把那些规则应用到不断变化的数据流中，进而确定哪些信息是相关的。



Assignment:
The bounty of Nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, playing the violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down.
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日在广场拉琴、唱歌和跳舞；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍存了下来。
UNIT 2 Translation Skill—Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译）



1.Definition of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译的界定）



?   直译与意译是两种最基本的翻译方法。直译：既保持原文内容又保持原文形式的翻译方法（形似）。要求在保持内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格等方面尽可能趋于一致。意译：忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文形式与修辞手法的翻译方法（神似）。与直译相比，意译将目的语读者的接受程度作为衡量译文是否忠实的重要指标，原文的形式则不在考虑之内。即在必要时，可以完全舍弃原文形式，而致力于用目的语读者完全能够接受的译文忠实传达原文内容。



?   直译：
Bird flu, cold war, talk show, chain store, wait-and-see attitude, one country two systems; three represents，fans. All roads lead to Rome.



?   意译：
1)Adam’s apple 喉结



It rains cats and dogs.



我就是跳进黄河也洗不清。
It can’t make me clean even if I jump into the Yellow River.
Nothing could bring back my innocence.



2)Criminals must be made to see the consequences of their crimes. “An eye for eye and a tooth for tooth ” is the very basis of Justice.
直译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”正是法制的基础。
意译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以其人之道还治其人之身”正是法制的基础。



?   Do you see any green in my eye?



2.Literal Translation and Stiff Translation（直译与死译）



1)橱窗里摆着的是什么东西？
Shop window in displayed is what thing?
What's that in shop window?



2)来就来，可是买这么多水果干什么呀？
Come just come, but buy so many fruits do what?
You are so kind to bring much fruit here, thank you.



3)The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
细菌性肺炎在年龄的两个极端复杂地流行。
比较：患流行性感冒的幼儿和老人可能会并发细菌性肺炎。



4)I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.
死译：我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。
改译：我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。



3.Free translation and Ungrounded Translation（意译和乱译）



1)I want to hit the sack and get some Z's.
我想抢包弄些钱花。
我要去睡觉。



2)More weight must be placed on the past history of patients.
在过去的医院里，患者的负担很重。
过于肥胖可以加重病人的疾病史。
改译：必须更加重视患者的既往史



4.Combination of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译并用）



Miss Smith may serve as a good secretary, for she is as close as an oyster.

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译4

翻译时尽量避免下列三种情况：



?   表达过度over-presentation



1)Mary went upstairs.
玛丽上二楼去了。



2)He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.
他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且好为人师。
他想学习，增长知识，并且希望把自己的知识传授给别人。



3)He is lying on his back, fixing his eyes on the shining stars in the sky.
他坦腹高卧，遥望星空，神游天际。
他躺在地上，凝视天空中闪耀的群星。



?   表达不足 under-presentation



His last book on building styles, although fragmentary and almost unknown, is I think one of his important ones.
尽管他最后一本论建筑风格的书鲜为人知，但却是他的一本重要著作。
他最后一本论建筑风格的书，尽管不够完善，且鲜为人知，但我认为仍不失为他的一本重要著作。



?   翻译腔 translation tune



1)A luxuriant tan speaks health and glamour.
丰润的黑皮肤诉说着健康和魅力。
丰润的黑皮肤是健康和魅力的标志。



2)The failure of normal subjects to acquire acute bacterial pneumonia is due to the efficient defense barriers of the lower respiratory tract.
正常人获得急性细菌性肺炎的障碍是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。
正常人之所以不会患急性细菌性肺炎是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。



EXERCISES 2:



1)A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔。



2)She has many hot potatoes to handle every day.
她每天都要处理很多棘手的问题。



3)Cry up wine and sell vinegar.
挂羊头，卖狗肉。



4)The nest egg for old age is absolutely critical.
攒一笔钱以备老来之用是绝对必要的。



5)Jack has become Jack of all trades and master of none.
杰克成了个万事皆通而一无所长的人。



6)The patient's fever has run its course.
病人已经退烧了。



7)Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。



8)Ketoacidosis supervened within ten hours of insulin deprivation when glucagons secretion was not inhibited. Obviously, in this complication of diabetes, glucagons emerges as a villain whose misdeeds, it is hoped ，can be prevented.
胰高糖素的分泌未加控制时，在停用胰岛素十小时内，便并发了酮症酸中毒，显然，在糖尿病并发此症的过程中胰高糖素起了助长作用，我们希望防止这种情况的发生。

医.学 全在.线,提供www.med126.com

9)Sterling sold consumer goods in great demand but in short supply.
斯特林投机倒把兜售紧俏商品。
斯特林出售紧俏商品。



10)"I threw your stamp album in the furnace, Richard," she told him out of a clear sky, after supper one night.
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，天空晴朗无云，他对他说。
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，她突然对他说。



11)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
厚厚的地毯消解了我的脚步声。
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。



12)Sweating involves losses of electrolytes as well as water.
出汗不但包括水分流失，还包括电解质流失。



Assignment
British newspapers--- all of them some of the time, and some of them almost all the time---behave badly in two ways. They intrude unnecessarily and often hurtfully into people's privacy; and they publish inaccurate, sometimes made-up stories. The victims have little redress. If they are rich and the article is defamatory, they can sue for libel. Most cannot afford to do so, and even the rich cannot prevent an invasion of their privacy. Fierce competition, particularly between tabloid newspapers, lead to more feet in more doors.
英国的报纸有两点很不像话。一是无端侵犯别人的私生活，并往往给人造成精神上的伤害；二是刊登失实的，有时甚至是无中生有的报道。所有的报纸都无一例外，有的偶尔为之，有的则几乎天天如此。受害人名誉受损，但又得不到什么洗刷。受害人若是有钱人家，加上报纸刊登的文章又确是恶意中伤，那么他们可以诽谤罪向法院起诉。但大多数受害人是打不起这种官司的。即使是有钱人也不能使自己的隐私免受侵犯。各种报纸之间，特别是各种图片小报之间的激烈竞争，导致这种寻觅个人和家庭隐私材料作报道的行为日见其多。
Unit 3 Translation Skill—Amplification（增词法）



?   英汉两种语言在词汇和句法等方面的差异显著，翻译时需采用各种弥合手段，其中重要的一个方法就是增词法。增词法指的是在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其意的词语，使译文自然通顺，完整。增词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是为了表意的需要，二是为了语法的需要。



Susceptibility to colds varies.



1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original（增加原文省略部分）



1) Enlargement of the spleen is said to occur in about one-third of cases and embolization, in more than half of cases.
据说大约三分之一或一半以上的病例有栓塞和脾肿大。
大约三分之一的病例有脾肿大，半数以上的病例有栓塞。



2)…a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at –the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they have not.
年青的女士认为，女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。



2.   Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives or Transitions（增加必要的连接词或承上启下的词）



1)With your eyes shut you can recognize hundreds of things by their sound or their touch.
你就是闭上眼睛，也还能凭声音或触感辨认数百种东西。



2)Yes, I like Chinese food; lots of people do these days. Sort of fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜，这也算是赶时髦吧！


3)   White surfaces reflect heat; dark surfaces absorb it.
白色的表面反射热量，而黑色的表面吸收热量。

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译5

3.   Amplification by Supplying Category Words （增加范畴词）



在汉语中，有一类词称为范畴词（category words ），如：……性（耐受性）、……局势（紧张局势）、……态度（冷漠态度）、……问题（***问题）、……情绪（自满情绪）等。在翻译时有时必须加上这些词才能符合汉语的表达习惯。



Dyspnea must be assessed in relation to age, obesity and physical fitness.
病人呼吸困难应考虑其年龄、肥胖程度及健康状况。



1)The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine.
药理学家正在认真研究这种药的过敏反应。



2)The drug is well tolerated and generally does not give rise to serious side effects.
病人对该药有良好的耐受性，而且一般不引起严重副作用。



confusion     混乱局面
saturation      饱和状态
measurement   测量方法；测量结果
preparation    准备工作
management   管理部门
redundancy    多余信息
normalization   正常状态
remedies     补救措施
solution     解决方法
modification   修改方案



4.   Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization（增加概括性词汇）



1)The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。



2)The mother is 37,alive and well. The father is 45, alive and well, two sibs, one brother and one sister, alive and well.
母亲37岁、父亲45岁、一个兄弟和一个姐妹均健在。



3)He had become a master of evasion: his main response to criticism is to threaten, filibuster and delay.
他一是个回避问题的老手：其回应批评的主要办法是一威胁、二阻扰、三拖延。



5.   Amplification by Supplying Words of Plurality（增加表复数词汇）



英语的可数名词有单复之分，翻译时应增补恰当的词语以便传达这一含义。



1)The lion is the king of animals.
狮子是百兽之王。



2)Drugs used in the treatment of heart diseases can produce heart block.
治疗心脏病的药物能产生心脏传导阻滞。
治疗心脏病的某些药物能产生心脏传导阻滞。



3)Diseases may be classified into following categories.
疾病可以分为下列几类。



4)She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea.
她热情地将客人们迎了进来，然后给他们各自端上一杯茶。



?   准确译出具体数量



1) The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies between the lungs.
心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。

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2) The ventricles make up the greater part of the heart.
两个心室占心脏的大部分。



3) To make the most of our brain, we need to increase the communication between the hemispheres and get them working together.
为了充分利用大脑，我们需要加强两侧大脑半球之间的联系，使它们协同工作。
6.   Amplification by Supplying Words of Tenses（增加表达时态的词语）



英语动词有时态、语气的变化，而汉语动词没有对等的形式，因此翻译时要增加一些表示时态、语气的词汇。



1)He heard of the accident, as had his wife.
他听说过这次事故，她的妻子早就听说了。



2)The achievement of science which has produced the greatest impression on mankind is the release of atomic energy.
迄今为止对人类产生最大影响的科学成就就是原子能的释放。



3)The surgeons weren't sure how long my new joints would last. But they are holding up fine.
那些外科医生当时不能肯定我的新关节能维持多久，但是他们至今还是功能良好。



4)   Man, was , is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
人类过去、现在和将来始终都在尽力改善生活条件。



7.   Amplification by Supplying Words of subjunctive （增加表虚拟语气的词语）



1)Einstein had little concern for money, though he could have been extremely wealthy.
爱因斯坦不大关心钱，尽管他本来应该很富有。



2)The gift to him would have filled a railroad freight car.
送给他的礼物似乎能装满一节车厢。



3)It is strange that I should have forgotten its name!
真奇怪，我竟然忘了它的名字！



?   增词法的应用有时还体现在这样一种语境场合，即一个词或词组本身的翻译不能充分表达原语的意境，这时就需要根据原文的特定内容增加释义性的解释。



1)Reality didn't catch up with U.S. policy until 1972, when Nixon went to China to make peace with Chairman Mao.
美国的对华政策直到1972年才回到现实的轨道上来。这一年尼克松去中国与毛主席共修两国之好。



2)Several million of people have lived near or below the breadline for almost two decades.
差不多二十年了， 生活在贫困线以下，或温饱问题还没有完全解决的仍有几百万人。



3)It has long been known that schizophrenia often runs in families, but solid and direct links to heredity have been elusive.
人们早就知道精神分裂症常常是家族性的，但要在遗传学上找出确凿而又直接的联系一直困难重重。



ASSIGNMENT 3



I.
翻译下列句子，注意运用增词法：



1)   Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasn't thought to be of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.
当时炭疽在那个地区还不为人所知，就算当地的部落里有人听说过这种病，也没有想到它会带来什么后果，因此一直没有人提起过炭疽。



2)A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手中的钱。



3)Duodenal ulcer may appear at any age but occurs most frequently between the ages of 20 and 60 and has a peak incidence in the fourth decade of life.
十二指肠溃疡可发生于任何年龄，但最常见于20至60岁，其中31岁至40岁发病率最高。



4)Although a computer can think in a certain sense, the human brain with its billions of nerve cells was and still is a much more remarkable mechanism than any computer.
虽然计算机在某种意义上也能思想，但是具有几十亿神经细胞的人脑，过去是现在也仍然是比任何计算机都出色得多的机制。



5)A settlement and peace will remain elusive.
解决问题，实现和平，仍然是一件遥不可及的事。



6)In California, hundreds of billions of dollars ride on the success of earthquake prediction.
在加利福尼亚州，地震预测的成功与否关系到千百亿美元的资财的安全。



7)A man spending 12 days on the moon would find on returning to the earth that a good year had passed already.
一个人假如在月球上度过了12天，在返回地球时便会发现已经过了足足一年。



8)It is enough to shatter his complacency.
这足以打破他的自满情绪。



9)The symptoms of SARS are high fever, dry cough, dyspnea and diarrhea.
非典型性肺炎的四大症状是高热，干咳，呼吸困难和腹泻。



10)The action of any anesthetics within the body is due to two factors: its physical property of solubility in fats and water and its chemical characteristic of combining with nerve tissue.
任何麻醉剂在体内的作用都取决于两个因素：一是物理因素，即其在油脂和水中的溶解度；二是化学因素，即其与神经组织结合的能力。



11)Vice President George Bush is looking to President Reagan, a star attraction at today's Republic national convention, to give some sparkle to his presidential campaign.
布什副总统期望里根总统为其总统竞选活动注入一些活力。里根是今天开幕的共和党全国代表大会上最引人注目的人物。



12)The government is waging a campaign against waste and extravagance, with the banquet, a mainstay of all function in China, a primary target.
政府正在开展一场反对铺张浪费的运动，目标首先对准中国所有的团体活动的主项：公款宴请。

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译6

II. 短文翻译：
In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet dinners in honor of this or that provide an excellent opportunity to make a lot of friends. When strangers meet on such occasions, an Asian tends to present his name card respectfully with both hands before the conversation, which seems to be required by etiquette. However, the French usually are not so ready with such a formality that they will excuse themselves after exchanges of a few words of greetings or even after a rambling chat about everything under the sun. They will offer cards only when they find each other agreeable and hope to further the relationship. And it seems somewhat unnatural for them to do so before getting into conversation.
在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识， 如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而法国人一般却都不大愿意这么做，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些不自然。

Unit 4 Translation Skill—Conversion and Reversion（转换法与反译法）
一、   转换法
英语和汉语分属两个不同的语系，两种语言的词汇、语法以及表达方式等迥然不同。因此，在英汉翻译过程中，往往不宜拘泥于原文的词类对号入座地逐词对译，否则常常会使译文生硬别扭。反之，在忠实原文的前提下，根据译语的行文习惯，适当进行词类转换或句子结构的转换，则能使译文通顺达意、自然流畅。
I.   词性的转换
英语多静态，汉语多动态。有时需根据具体情况，将英语中的名词、介词形容词转换成汉语的动词。
?   Conversion Into Verbs （转换为汉语动词）
1．Nouns Into Verbs （名词/名词结构转化为动词）
1)   This causes local environmental nuisance: damage to crops, fields and serious amount of waste left over at work site.
2)   An infrared laser system under development promises the ability to monitor up to several hundred pollutants within a radius of 10 km.
3)   Correct co-ordination of the various teams is a prerequisite for success in the work site.
2.   Prepositions Into Verbs （介词转化为动词）
1)   She skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
2)   She has gained her master’s degree from Harvard’s School of Education and is finally off welfare.
3.   Adjectives Into Verbs （形容词转化为动词）
1)   Rheumatic and certain infectious diseases are commonly responsible for diseases of the heart valves.
2)   Most anesthetics will dissolve in fat readily and some are soluble in water.
3)   Such robots are so sophisticated that they are even conscious of temperature change in the surroundings.
II.   句子结构的转换
?   把原文中的一个单词译成汉语的一个分句
1.   副词译成汉语的一个分句
1)   Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
2)   They，not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
2.   形容词译成汉语的一个分句
That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
3.   名词译成汉语的一个分句
1)   A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.
2)   As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.
?   把原文中的短语译成汉语分句
1)   This political disorder found expression in his book. In the absence of any guiding principle, politics becomes a naked struggle for power.
2)   Amid mounting social discontent over inflation, the government leaders have used swift police action to drive home the futility of public protest.
二、   反译法
英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。英汉翻译时也常常采用正译法，即以肯定译肯定、以否定译否定（也就是用汉语里的“不”、“非”、“无”、“没（有）”、“未”、“否”等译成英语中的no或not以及一些带有否定词缀的词dis-,un-, in, -less）。譬如，尽管说话的语气常常不尽相同，但人们既可以说某次考试“相当难”（quite difficult），也可以说是“不很容易”（not very easy）。但是，由于英汉表达习惯的巨大差异，正译法有时并非切实可行。这时，英语中的肯定形式可以甚至必须译成汉语中的否定形式，而英语中的否定形式却适宜译作汉语中的肯定形式，这就是“反译法”，既肯定译成否定，否定译成肯定的翻译方法。例如，英语中的标志用语”Wet Paint!”译作“湿的油漆！”就不符合汉语表达习惯，而应译成“油漆未干！”
＊I have read your articles, but I expected to meet an older man.
……, 没想到你这么年轻。
?   反译法适用范围很广，它可以应用于动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词、连词、词组、及从句。
1.   动词（短语）
1)   Bypass operation seems indicated when intestinal obstructive symptoms fail to respond to medical treatment.
2)   I unwrapped the hamburger and surveyed the surrounding scenery.
2.   副词
1)   Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.
2)   Lost weight safely and forever.
3)   There is little question that the House of Windsor has lost much of its luster since the death of Princess Diana in 1997.
3.   形容词
1)   The explanation is pretty thin.
2)   Etiological factors responsible for this cancer are far from being clear.
3)   A judicious North Europe family cultivated friendships both for their own sake and because a large group of people loyal to one another was less vulnerable than a small one.医.学 全在.线提供www.med126.com
4.   介词（短语）
It will generally be found that the man who are habitually behind time are as habitually behind success.
5.   名词
Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly.
6.   某些固定词组
1)   There is no want of opportunities these days.
2)   Mental cultivation is nothing else than the satisfactory way in which the mind will function when it is poked up into activity.
3)   Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife.
Nothing …more than 转换为…more than anything
含有否定意义的词汇
英语表示否定意义的方式比汉语丰富得多，下列词汇常常译成汉语的否定：
1.   名词：failure, lack, free, far from, omission, absence, ignorance, exclusion, scarcity
2.   形容词（短语）missing, ignorant, free from, far from, short of , blind to
3.   连词：unless, before, until, than, or, but that, more than
4.   介词（短语）but, without, except, beyond, instead of, anything but
?   采取诅咒和感叹的方式表示否定往往语气非常强烈，常用词汇有：devil, the hell, damn, dead
1)   I will be damned if I go.
2)   I’ll see you dead before that happens！
?   双重否定
双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词，或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。双重否定的语言现象在汉语和英语中都存在，如：
No one who returned from the front failed to express admiration for Doctor Bethune whenever his name was mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit.
凡是从前线回来的人，提起白求恩的名字，没有一个不佩服，没有一个不为他的精神所感动。
（毛泽东“纪念白求恩”）
有时译成肯定句更符合汉语的表达习惯，如：
1)   Mild edema is not uncommon in normal pregnancy
2)   No one who strolls through the Egyptian galleries of a museum can fail to be struck by multitude of divinities who attract attention of all sides.
Unit 5 Translation Skill—Omission（减词法）
减词法与增词法相对。原文中有些词语在译文中不必显示出来，因为译文中虽无此词，但已有其意。换言之，减词法是减去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而啰嗦，或违背译文语言习惯的词语。减词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。
The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.
I.    从语法角度进行减省
?   由于英汉句法上的差异，英语句法上所必需的一些表达某种句法关系或语法功能的词语，其表意作用不大或无表意作用，译成汉语时往往省译。
1.   省略连词
1)   If the rise of blood pressure occurs with some other diseases, it is called secondary hypertension.
2)   The most valuable advice which can be given to a patient with a cold is that he should keep warm and take much water and go to bed if the fever is high.
?   注意当and连接句子时，不仅可翻译成汉语的并列句：并且、而且、还可翻译成汉语的偏正复句：因而、所以、虽然……但（是）等
1)   The pulse is rapid, the temperature may be as high as 39℃, and there may be shortness of breath.
2)   In the other two cases, operation was refused and it was impossible to decide whether cancer was the cause of death.
*    They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.
*   Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasn’t thought to be of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.
2.   省略代词
1)   Dr. Stevenson resumed this experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory.
I washed my face.
2)   He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
汉语物主代词的使用往往有特殊的含义，可以表示其他所属关系，强调或不耐烦、不满情绪等。
她开他的车去。（其他所属关系）
让他们散布他们的谣言去。（不满情绪）
?   当one、 we、 they、 you用作泛指代词时infinitive pronoun，通常可以省略。
3)   To really appreciate Italian painting, one should see it in Italy.
4)   It is dead quiet and pitch dark in the outer space.
5)   It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs.
6)   Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers.

医翻博士

浅谈医学翻译7

3.   省略介词
?   省略表示时间的介词
表示时间的英语介词译成汉语时，如果置于句首一般可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。
1)   The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
2)   Rumor had it that hostilities were to begin on April 23.
3)   Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642.
?   省略表示地点的介词
同表示时间的介词类似，表示地点（包括位置、场所等）的介词译成汉语时若置于句首，也经常可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。
1)   Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
2)   She hid behind the door.
3)   Mount the meter on that panel.
4.   省略同义词
有些同义词连用，表示强调，或对前词提供解释，可译出其中一个即可。
1)   He is a man of culture and learning.
2)   The liver, or hepar, is the largest of the glandular organ of the body.
II.   冗词赘语的省略
原文中有些词语是不言而喻的，如果将这些词语全盘照译往往会形成不必要的冗言赘语。因此，根据汉语的修辞规范常常需要将这些词省略，以便使译文更加简洁洗练。　　　　
1)   Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.
2)   Job hunters who worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.
3)   There was no snow. The leaves were gone from the trees. The grass was dead.
4)   We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.
Unit 6 Translation Skill----Translation Methods of Complex Sentences （难句长句译法）
I.   定语从句的翻译方法
?   前置
通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”字的前置定语。
1)   Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
2)   Body movements are due to the action of the muscles that are attached to the bones.
?   后置
在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词前面。如果英语的从句过于复杂、冗长，放在所修饰的名词前，汉语句子会显得臃肿，不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译，译成汉语的并列分句。由于定语从句中的连接词通常在从句中充当句子成分，所以可用重复先行词，或用代词及“该、其、每”等字样代替先行词的方法引出汉语的并列分句。
1)   This is a medical university, the students of which are trained to be medical workers.
2)   One major concern is the rise of managed health care and its accompanying decreases in clinical earnings, which have traditionally helped to subsidize the coasts of medical education.
?   融合
即把主句和从句融合成一个简单句，其中定语从句中的谓语变成了译文句子的谓语。
1) There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
2) In recent years , many discoveries have been made which greatly facilitate the study of medicine.
?   状译
有些定语从句在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等，这时需弄清其与主句的逻辑关系，将它们翻译成汉语各种相应的分句。
1)   A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
2)   The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.
3)   He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.
II.   同位语从句的翻译方法
一般来说，同位语从句可直接放在主句后面翻译，或将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的定语，但不一定使用定语的标志“的”。还可通过增加“即、以为、这样、这个事实是”等字样，或用冒号、破折号直接翻译。
Behaviorists say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
III.   状语从句的翻译方法
?   时间状语从句
由于时间状语的引导词除了显示时间关系外，有时可以表示条件关系，所以还可以翻译成条件句。
1)   Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
2)   Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
?   原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
大多数可放在主句前
1)   The crops failed because the season was dry.
2)   While we cannot see the air, we can feel it.
?   目的状语从句和结果状语从句大多数可按原文语序顺译
Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
IV.   难句译法
?   拆分与组合法（Division and Combination）
英语的句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的。所以， 在理解英语难句长句的时候，可以把主句和从句拆分出来，或者把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。也就是说可以通过寻找下面一些“信号词”作为句子的拆分点来对英语难句长句进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。拆分之后，分段理解，然后再根据汉语习惯，应用各种翻译技巧进行重新组合。
信号词：
1. 连词
并列连词：and, or but, yet for等连接并列句
连接副词：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, though, although, so that, how, why等连接状语从句。
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等连接名词性从句和定语从句医学 全在.线提供www.med126.com
2. 介词n, in, with, at, of, to等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语
3．不定式符号:to
4．分词
5．标点符号
以上列举的这些信号词只是在拆分英语原文的时候可能断开句子的地方,但不是绝对的。它们有助于译者看清句子结构，进而更好地理解英语原文。
改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文
Sample Analysis
1)   Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavor in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. （后置）
社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像科学家研究自然现象那样，以理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为。
2)   Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （条件）
3)   Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （原因）
4)   The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidentally discovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons or when the patient reports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph nodes or felt, while bathing, a firm left upper quadrant abdominal mass.
V.   长句译法
碰到复杂的长句不要畏难、急躁，无论什么复杂的长句都有固定的语法结构，经过分析，总是可以理出头绪。但在对语法结构没有理出头绪，对原文意思没有完全理解之前，不要急于动手翻译。
为了正确理解复杂长句，可先把句中各种次要成分(如分词短语，独立成分，同位语等)和各种从句暂时排除，让主句暴露出来，这样就可以了解这个长句的中心意思，然后再把从句和次要成分加上，就可以前后连贯地理解整个长句意思。在理解原文的基础上，即可着手翻译，要敢于打破原句结构，分清主次，考虑汉语表达习惯，重新组合。
Sample Analysis
Nevertheless, until additional knowledge becomes available it seems best to continue to consider the clinical problems under the generic heading “arteriosclerosis”, recognizing that medial sclerosis appears to be a manifestation chiefly of either aging or of elevated blood pressure and is in the main asymptomatic; that medial sclerosis appears to predispose to the development of intimal sclerosis; and that intimal sclerosis （atherosclerosis）, apparently closely connected with lipid and particularly, cholesterol metabolism, is chiefly responsible for the interference with blood supply and, therefore, the symptoms and signs attributable to arteriosclerosis. (92 words)

医翻博士

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
（1）What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）
（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
（3）Indeed, the reverse is true .
实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）
（4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）
（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）
（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）
（7）在战争领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）
（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）
2. 省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：
（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）
（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）
（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. （省译名词）
3.转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
（1）我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. （名词转动词）
（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。（名词转动词）
（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. （动词转名词）
（4）I'm all for you opinion.
我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）
（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）
（6）In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.
作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）
（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！
We don't have much time left. Let's go back. （句型转换）
（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. （名词转副词）
4.拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：
（1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）
（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）
（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account .
英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）
（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）
5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：
（1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
（2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译）
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）
（3） 他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）
（4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正译)
Still he failed to understand me. (反译)
（5） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
（6） Please withhold the document for the time being.
请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）
请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
6. 倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
（1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）

医翻博士

6. 倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
（1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）
（2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）
（3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.（全部倒置）
7.包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
（1）You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.
您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
（2）What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.
使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
8 .插入法：指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如：
如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的"带来灾难性的影响"，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.
9. 重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。如：
Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。
10．综合法：是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。如：
How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe?
欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献，使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力，使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响，并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢？

碧鹏庭

初来乍到，请多多关照。。。